Ancient bronze dagger Cimmerians of the 9th-7th centuries BC (copy)

Description: The name of the Kimmerian tribe is not their own name, since this name was given by the Assyrians to all the tribes of the Northern Black Sea region. A passage from Assyrian sources, where Esarhaddon speaks of the "warriors of Gimirra", gave reason to identify them with the Cimmerians. Also - Cimmerians or Cimmerians, Cimmerians. The ancient Greek poet Homer calls them "poor milk eaters, the fairest people on earth"Information about the origin of the Cimmerians is found in the ancient Vedas and Iranian cuneiform inscriptions, it is believed that they were Indo-Europeans. Historians believe that the language of the Cimmerians belonged to the Iranian language group. Taras Marusyk, a professor at Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, believes that the Iranian loanwords in the Ukrainian language include such words as pan, terez, jura, harem. These are late borrowings. And Kostyantyn Tyshchenko, professor of the Middle East Department at the Kyiv National University named after T. Shevchenko, notes that there are also ancient borrowings. For example: "to care - careful", "to see - careful", "to last - long", "lively - to liven up", "monster - monster", "cat - to torture" - these are borrowings from ancient times, which are common with Belarusian and primarily in Polish.Some Lithuanian researchers speak about the Cimmerians as Balts. Tatar researchers speak about the ancient Tatar origin, namely about the origin of the Bulgars from them. This is confirmed by the records in the ancient "History of the Monk Spyridon" and in the "History of Zograf" (Zograf monastery).In archeology, the Cimmerians are often identified with the "Chornogorsk group of monuments", which stands for the Belozer culture. The peculiarity of this group are dozens of burials under mounds - with pits, often lined with wood or with wooden ceilings. Over the graves, Montenegrins erected stone stelae - a prototype of the future "steppe women", which symbolized men, armed and girded with belts. Dead soldiers were buried not only with weapons - daggers, swords, arrows, maces, but also with horse harness - rods and psaliums. This shows that the horse played a special role in their lives.Sources agree that the Cimmerians were the first known "riding people" in history. The ability to ride horses allowed them to move from herding livestock to a real nomadic economy. The Cimmerians lived in the steppe, moving with herds in search of new pastures. They lived in tents or on covered wagons, which served as their "mobile" dwellings.The Cimmerians are also considered to be the inventors of cavalry - even the trained and armored Assyrian army was powerless before their horsemen, armed with swords and bows.Rivalry both within the community and between tribes for the possession of herds and control over pastures contributed to the increase in the belligerence of the Cimmerians and the rapid isolation of the leaders from their environment, whom the neighbors called "kings". The names of at least three of them are known—Dugdamme, his son Shandekshatra, and Teushpa. The consonance of at least two of these names with the names of the Persian rulers allows some researchers to consider the Cimmerians an Iranian-speaking people.On the territory of modern Mykolaiv about 1250-925 BC. e. there was a so-called city of the Cimmerian people — an ancient port city of the Cimmerians (of the Belozer culture). This is the oldest city on the territory of Ukraine mentioned in written sources. The city of Kimeria is located in the historical center of the modern city of Mykolaiv, near the confluence of the Southern Bug and Ingul rivers. The city is built in the form of an oval elongated along the S-S-N-W axis. The area of the settlement is 6-7 hectares. The premises are located along the Ingul River in three or four rows, practically adjacent to each other, thus creating a single architectural complex, which is spread out in the shape of an arc.There were buildings of various purposes in the city: economic storehouses, craft workshops (pottery, metallurgical, bone-cutting), ritual buildings and systems of fortifications, and in the central part of the city there was an undeveloped square for public gatherings. The buildings of the city were built from stone slabs, masonry, limestone and clay.Structurally, the city consisted of three parts: the "citadel", the "suburb" and the "post", located behind the outer moat. The defensive wall of the city citadel was 2-2.5 m high and 3 m wide. The population of the city was about one thousand inhabitants.The elite lived on the territory of the "citadel". This is evidenced by the remains of powerful stone foundations and a small number of utility pits. The elite did not "clutter" their houses with storehouses for food and kitchens - food was prepared in the "suburbs" and brought to the houses of the nobility. At the same time, there are much more pits in the suburbs, and there are no stone masonry. Hence the conclusion - poorer people lived here.Based on the findings of the last ten years, scientists made another interesting conclusion: the elite in the settlement were not military leaders, but masters who possessed craft skills and knowledge. This is evidenced by workshops excavated on the territory of the citadel: bone-cutting, pottery, foundry.The ancient Greek poet Homer wrote in the poem "Odyssey" that the country and city of the Cimmerians is located at the entrance to the other world."The sun has set, and darkness has covered all the ways, and our ship has reached the limits of the ocean. There is a people and a city of Cimmerian people."Herodotus testified that: "...The country where the Scythians now live is said to have been Cimmerian in ancient times... Even now in Scythia there are Cimmerian fortresses, Cimmerian crossings, there is also a country called Cimmeria, and there is the so-called Cimmerian Bosporus ".Assyrian cuneiform sources also confirm the reality of this people. In 722-715 p. to n. e. they recorded the victory of the Cimmerians over the Urartian king Russa.During its heyday, the city, as noted by K.V. Horbenko, the city of Cimmeria existed as an important and northernmost Black Sea port, connecting the trade ties of the Cimmerians with the Greeks and Assyrians. People and goods from all over Cimmeria and other northern tribes flocked to the city by waterways.According to Greek sources, it looks a little different. Even their "Odyssey" calls the people who lived on the northern shores of the Black Sea, the Cimmerians. Herodotus and Strabo write about the great Cimmerian state on the northern shores of the Black Sea and on both sides of the Kerch Strait with the capital Kimerikon. According to Herodotus, the Cimmerian tribes were headed by kings. However, no royal burials have been found in the Ukrainian Black Sea Coast. Several hundreds of so-called vases are known. "Kerchen" style, which depict Amazons fighting with Greeks. These vases come from the 7th century. to n. Herodotus says that in the 7th century BC. e. the Cimmerians were displaced and partially assimilated by the Scythians.The material culture, economy and life of the Cimmerians are known mainly from the burials, which number about a hundred. Leading a nomadic lifestyle, the Cimmerians did not leave long-term settlements. Stone stelae were often placed over their burials. Known monuments of the late period of the log culture dating back to the 10th - beginning of the 8th century BC. e. The Cimmerians were engaged in cattle breeding, and to some extent agriculture. Horse warriors occupied the dominant position among the Cimmerians. They were armed with a bow, dagger, sword, stone or bronze hammer. It was the warriors that some researchers considered Cimmerians from the time of the campaigns to Asia Minor and the Far East.The ancient Greek historian Herodotus tells the story of how the Cimmerians met the Scythian invasion. The Cimmerian kings offered to fight, but the people decided to surrender their country to the Scythians without a fight. Then the kings divided and began to fight with each other to die in their homeland and rest in their native land. Such a legend shows that the Scythians easily overcame the Cimmerians, while part of the Cimmerians surrendered to the conquerors and became part of the Scythian union. The rest of the Cimmerians went on a campaign to the south, to the countries of Transcaucasia and Eastern Asia. At the end of the 8th century BC, the Cimmerians already settled in the territory of present-day Western Georgia, from where they raided the kingdom of Urartu. Herodotus also mentions the approximate location of the Cimmerians and tells about their migrations.Assyrian documents: prophecies, writings, chronicles - belong to the times of Sargon II, Sennacherib, Esargadon and Ashurbanipal to the second half of the 8th century. and up to the VII century. to n. They tell us about a stormy period in the history of two great states in the Euphrates basin: Urartu and Assyria. Indo-European tribes advancing from the east and north to those kingdoms, those sources call Gimirrai (Cimryans) and Ashguzai (Scythians). The Cimmerians appeared on the borders of Urartu at the end of the 8th century. to n. and occupied the kingdom sometime after 714 BC. e. At the beginning of the 7th century to n. c. the Cimmerians together with the king of Urartu Rusa II (680-645 BC) and other Indo-European tribes began to attack Assyria. It is known about the stay of the Cimmerians in Urartu, about their wars against Assyria, the conquest of most of Lydia, the invasion of Cappadocia, Phrygia, and Paphlagonia. This onslaught was probably caused by the onslaught of the Scythians, who advanced eastward to Urartu. The Assyrian king Esargadon (Esarhaddon) and the Scythian Bartatua formed an alliance against the Cymri and the Chalcedonians. As a result, in 679-678 BC. c. the Cimmerians were defeated and pushed to Asia Minor. There, the Cimry first met the resistance of the king of Lydia, but already in 652 BC. e. they conquered Lydia and plundered the whole of Asia Minor. But in 637 BC e. the Assyrians with the Scythians destroyed the power of the Cimmerians, reducing them to a part in Cappadocia, which later remained Cimmerian. The place of the Cimmerians in Asia Minor was taken by the Scythians, who stayed there until 606 BC. e., with the exception of two areas in Armenia: Sakasena and Skitena, which remained Scythian forever.M. Rostovtsev says that the Cimmerians moved in the southern and western directions long before the invasion of the Scythians. Based on Assyrian sources, M. Rostovtsev is inclined to think that the Cimry appeared in Asia Minor sometime in the 8th century. to n. e., therefore, before the arrival of the Scythians there. And Strabo also testifies that the Cimmerians entered Asia Minor through Dacia and the Dardanelles.M. Rostovtsev, defending the theory according to which the Scythians pushed the Cimmerians out of Ukraine, nevertheless admits that they did not push them out of the Kuban. He found hundreds of proofs in the Kuban graves that the Cimmerians lived in the Kuban before the arrival of the Scythians and after their arrival, in other words, the Cimmerians were none other than the original autochthonous population of Ukraine - the descendants of the Trypilians.After all, M. Rostovtsev himself half-admits this. In his book "Iranians and Greeks in South Russia" he writes: "There is no evidence either about the time when the Kymri first appeared in Ukraine, nor about the time when they left it, nor about their nationality, nor about whether they were autochthons of Ukraine or Zayds". He nevertheless recognizes the Cimmerians as an Indo-European people - Thracians based on the fact that in the Bosporus state the kings had Thracian names, and also many people with Thracian names were among the population of Tanais in Roman times.Later, the Cimmerians mixed with the local population. Perhaps some of them remained in the mountainous part of the Crimea and became the ancestors of the Tauri. Weight 302 grams! Dimensions see photos!This item is genuine and from the period described. 100% authentic artifacts. Lifetime warranty of authenticityCan be worn as an ancient talisman.Such crosses have big GOOD FORCE.An interesting and rare type.Beautiful ornaments.GOOD BETTING PAYMENT I accept payment through PayPal ONLY!!!All items must be purchased within 10 days and paid by one transaction. SHIPPING I ship within 2 business days after the payment cleared and it usually takes 24-31 working days for international delivery. WORLDWIDE SHIPPING with TRACKING NUMBER. 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